Chapter 31

Chapter 31: Europe in an Age of Globalization
1.) Introduction: Kenan Rajjoub


This chapter is going to discuss the era after the Cold War. It presented the world, and Europe, with a new chapter as capitalism spread all throughout. However even as that happened there were more problems that also were arising. Rebuilding shattered societies was harder than suspected and immigrants into western Europe brought fear because all of the ethnic diversity. As ties between Europe and the US loosened they realized they need to cooperate in order to find solutions to problems like security, energy, the environment, and human rights.

Objective- Identify problems that were rising and discuss changes that were occurring (like in Russia).

EQ-How did Russia and the former East Bloc countries meet the challenges of postcommunist reconstruction and political and economic reform?
answer-They had mixed success as they worked to remake their political, economic, and social systems. Their economic problems limited their speed of reform. Shock therapy, rapid privatization, inflation and corruption were all factors that made everything take longer. Then Putin helped put it all back into place.
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2.) 3 People- Lydia


Vladimir Putin
~Vladimir Putin was the Russian President from 2000 to 2008. After being president, he was appointed Prime Minister and continued to be a very powerful Russian leader. He crafted himself as a very powerful “manly” man that was full of strength and courage. He was the successor of Yeltsin. Putin’s government was called the “managed democracy” which came about after the communist in Russia. Although he said he ran a democratic government, political opposition was set to a minimum and many were arrested for opposing the government. Putin is important because he lead Russia for 8 years and helped to keep Russia in check.

Jose Bove
~Jose Bove was a very prominent leader in the campaigns against globalization. Bove did not like that people and the environment were being badly influenced by globalization. One day, as a way to protest, Bove demolished a McDonalds in south France with his car. Due to the fact that McDonalds was a perfect example of globalization, it seemed to be a target for many antiglobalization protests. Bove was put on trial and was put in jail. Many antiglobalization protesters filled the streets during the trial as a way to protest Bove’s trial. Bove is important because he shows the lengths that people will go to protest against something that they believe is wrong or is not for the good of the people.
Zadie Smith~Zadie Smith is a best selling British author that wrote the novel White Teeth
in 2000. The novel encompasses the the lives of Bangladeshi Muslims and British Jews and Chirstians and how they all lived in painful contact with each other. Smith used this novel to explain the conflicts that people from different countries and religions had with each other. Smith is important because she brings about the idea of multiculturalism.


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3.) US Events: Cassie Moore
1. On September 11, 2001 hijacked planes crashed into the World Trade Center, the Pentagon, and into a rural Pennsylvania field.  The terrorist attacks were caused by a radical Islamic group al-Qaeda. This event took the lives of more than three-thousand people. Peoples and governments of Europe and all over the world joined Americans in solidarity after the event. President Bush declared a “war on terror” which sought to fight global terrorism. The US eventually announced they would invade Afghanistan to find Osama bin Laden; an international coalition that included western Europe, Russian, and Pakistan was built. US and NATO troops failed to find Osama bin Laden in Afghanistan. This was not very popular among ordinary Europeans.

2. Gulf War:  It was a war waged by UN-authorized collation force led by US against Iraq in response to Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait. President George H. W. Bush sent American forces, into Saudi Arabia and urged other countries to send troops as well.  The majority of the military forces in the coalition were from the US, the UK, Saudi Arabia and Egypt. The results were that the coalition successfully freed Kuwait from the invading Iraqi forces. The leader of Iraq who attempted to annex Kuwait was Saddam Hussein. This even showed that Europe and the US generally worked together in an alliance.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4.) Picturing the Past: Adam Marchese

Analyzing the Image: Why do images of the World Trade Center on September 11th provoke such a strong feeling in most Americans? How does the application of black and white effect this image? What tone is the photographer trying to grasp?


Connections: What can you connect this image and event to? Are the attacks on September 11th comparable to the dropping of the atomic bombs in Japan during the second world war? How so? In what ways has this event shaped your life personally?




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5.) Connections across time: Adam Marchese

United States’ against Terrorists: The Second Red Scare

The United States following World War II faced a period of fear that is now called the Red Scare in response to the belief that communists were all about and secretly were planning the downfall of the United States. Fear-mongering caused by Senator McCarthy created a series of accusations against thousands of Americans who were believed to be communists or communist sympathizers. The primary targets were government employees, those in the entertainment industry, educators and union activists. The Red Scare is like our fear created after the attacks on the twin towers. Many people were subject to accusations of being a terrorist or supporting terrorism. The focus now is on Muslims. They are subjected to increased airport security based solely on whether they look like they are from the Middle East. In both the Red Scare and our current scare the majority of people support America  who are subject to questioning. The problem is: not all Muslims are terrorists just like not all communists want the death of America.

Economic Shock Therapy in Russia: The Enclosure Process

Economic Shock Therapy that was applied in Russia put many out of work by introducing a new economic system that would privatize industry. The rapid transition caused soaring price increases at the expense of the poor. Likewise the enclosure process in England removed the feudal common lands and forced hardship on many poor farmers. The benefit in both countries was the eventual increase in productivity, but the rate of transition didn’t protect its people from economic hardships.

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6.) Artwork- Ashley Ranich

by Sergey Muravyev | mixed media | 2002

Artist’s explanation: Light and memory remain after the day the world changed. Reason should solve all, not infinite senseless murders. The two white lines are light from Twin Towers. It gets up in the sky and far into space and comes back again with new power. In the sky remain dark spots, but they will disappear.

Personally, I really love this interpretation of the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks. I find it interesting and very different from the normal artwork depicting the attacks. The work seems to very accurately convey the feelings of many americans triggered from 9/11 in a different and abstract way. The abstract approach, using mostly color and composition, rather than a literal recreation of the event also reflects the 21st century. This marks a different kind of art than what we’ve seen from past centuries.

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Campaign poster for Proposition K; a 2008 initiative to decriminalize prostitution in San Francisco, US

I found this very interesting and controversial. We learned in this chapter that prostitution was legal in parts of Europe, and that prostitutes even began to earn the same rights as other workers. Although this is about American legislation, it shows a connection from Europe to America. It seems that the US seems to still be somewhat behind many parts of Europe in terms of human rights and overall open-mindedness. I found this poster to be striking and thought-provoking. It’s striking because of its modern take on Uncle Sam. It is also thought-provoking because it makes yourself question whether a human should be in complete control of how they want to use their body, even if it’s unconventional and seemingly wrong. The red, white and blue patriotic colors make this poster/piece of artwork more successful because it keeps its American audience in mind.

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7.) 3-2-1 : Ashley Ranich

3 things i learned
-I learned that Europe is in many ways, ahead of America in their human rights laws.
(ex: gay marriage,prostitution, legalization of marijuana)
-The dominance of the United States in economy now was second to the EU.
-The close ties between the United States and western Europe lost some of their strength that they had maintained 50 years after WWII

2 things i found interesting
-Barack Obama’s presidency was received well in foreign countries because his foreign policies allowed tensions to ease.
-The EU implemented a new Common Fisheries Policy.

1 question i have
-After all of the changes we’ve seen with the come of the 21st century, will Europe continue to enjoy the fruits from the general economic and political security from the past 50 years, or are the tensions from the stress in EU-American ties from the Iraq war stir a new conflict?

Animal Farm
Works Cited
Orwell, George. Animal Farm. New York: Penguin Group, 1946. Print.
1.) Characters

Napoleon- He represents Joseph Stalin.Animal Farm skips the short rule of Lenin and has Napoleon leading the farm from the beginning of the revolution. He abuses his power as the leader for his own benefit and the small few around him in the story.








Snowball- Snowball represents Leo Trotsky. Trotsky was one of the original revolutionaries. But as Stalin rose to power he became one of Stalin's biggest enemies. His speaking abilities allow for the revolution to occur in the first place.





Squealer- Squealer represents the Media/propaganda in Russia at the time. In the story, Squealer manipulates the animals to follow Napoleon's rule at all costs often saying, "You don't want Jones to come back? Do you?"

The nine dogs- The dogs represent military enforcement used by the government to control its peoples.











Boxer- Boxer represents the working class. His hard work is used to benefit at first all the animals, but later his efforts only really help Napoleon and the other pigs. His dedication is unrewarded though, and he is sold to the horse slaughterer.









Mollie- From what I could tell, Mollie represented working class who supported the tzar, but would not support the communists. I have also seen that some believe Mollie is a representation of the Russian upper class who did little work but were still supported by the government, which seems equally valid.





Benjamin- Benjamin represents unenthusiastic old people. He has seen so much and lived the longest and he believes that life will always be bleak no matter who the ruler is.





Old Major- The Old Major is Marx. Marx foretells of a revolution in which the people rise up against their government like the Old Major tells of a land free of humans.

Clover- Acts as a female form of Boxer, but with less book time.








Moses- Moses represents the Russian Orthodox Church. He tells the animals that there is a place called sugar candy mountain where they will go when they die like the Church tells the people that there is a heaven where they will go when they die. Seen as giving false hope to the animals, but is secretly allowed to stay on the farm by Napoleon to keep spirits up.

Mr. and Mrs. Jones- Represent the old regime of Tzar Nicholas II and his wife. Will be thrown out of Manor Farm and replaced by the Animals and later simply Napoleon.

Bluebell, Jesse, and Pincher- They do not have a large part of the book, but perhaps they represent the old military in favor of the revolution in Russia, but after seeing the effects they turn against the revolutionary government. They are silenced though by the government.

The Sheep- The masses at large who accepted the rule of the Communists in Russia. Are seen as stupid for not realizing what is being done to them.

Mr. Pilkington- Represents the English Government.







Mr. Frederick- Represents the German Government, mainly Hitler. He betrays a trade arrangement made with Animal Farm in the story and comes off as a mean person overall.







Mr. Whymper- Represents the Capitalist portion of Russia needed to commence in commerce. Although he helps Animal Farm, his efforts are self-motivated. Why capitalists are seen as greedy in Russia at the time.










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2.)Russian Revolution Flow Chart

1- Marx and Friedrich Engels write the influential Communist Manifest from which Lenin lays down his three basic beliefs.

2- World War I destroys what unity is left in Russia under Nicholas II through the undermining of the Tzar's authority by the Duma, the educated middle class, and the masses at large.

3-The protests of 200,000 workers marching on St. Petersburg are joined by soldiers shouting things such as, "Down with Autocracy!" Nicholas II is forced to abdicate. His family is executed to remove all traces of the old government.

4- A Provisional government is set up, but the Bolsheviks seize power by force with Red Guards. Key players are Lenin (Peace! Land! and Bread!) and Trotsky.

5-Lenin makes some moves: Distribution of farmlands to the peasants, ended Russian involvement in WWI, promised a freely elected Constituent Assembly that would draw up a new constitution (Lenin later prevents because his party is not in majority).

6- Russian Civil War breaks out between the Red Army and the White Army. The Red Army crushes the White Army because little support is giving by the war-weary western nations. The Russian economy is halted as the Communists isolate themselves.




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3.) Personal Response to Animal Farm
     I personally liked this book. It effectively demonstrated the Russian Revolution allegorically. The book was depressing at points though because the reader was truly made to feel the hardships of Boxer as he worked tirelessly to what seemed like no end. All of his work was repeatedly destroyed in the book with the blow not felt by the pigs in charge. Although you know that socialism in this book fails, you just wish that the animals would be able to live without the influence of man (representative of the old government). I caught myself often thinking, "If only the efforts of their labor would support themselves," before realizing that the thought goes against the capitalist system in place in our country. In the end I don't actually believe that a socialist society would work because too many people have their own interests at hand, making Marx's statement that the "government would then wither away," completely absurd. Good in theory, but bad in practice. I would not recommend the book though because it repeats the same point many times and its meaning isn't hard to find. This makes the book boring, but this book is much better than other books I have been forced to read, such as The Power of One. One thing that struck me as odd is that Boxer, the most redeemable character in the book is also the one who supported Napoleon all the way to his death. This is a great personal sacrifice, but I can not understand why George Orwell would portray the working middle class as unaware of the problems with Communism in Russia. To my knowledge most knew full well of its problems, but feared admitting them because they would be punished severely by the Russian secret police force.

Chapter 25: Imperialism

1.) The late 19th and early 20th century saw the golden age of Imperialism as European powers invested abroad in order to gain power through finance. Imperialism was many sided as peoples of European decent were across the globe caused by the Great Migration. Countries from China to the continent of Africa faced the effects of Imperialism full force as European powers forced their influence onto them.

Chapter Objective: Explain the causes of Imperialism during this time period as well as understanding how many different individual countries were affected.

EQ: What were the main causes of Imperialism during this time and which do you believe was the most significant.

Imperialism was caused by three main forces, these being: financial concerns, "the white man's burden", and the belief that God intended for a particular country's expansion. The most significant of these forces was financial concerns of European powers. They invested money into different countries as a means to gain more money. European powers made this apparent at the point of a gun such as Britain did to China and the United States did to Japan.
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2.) This image depicts England as an octopus reaching its tentacles abroad in order to snatch up many different countries. From these it is probable that the artist disapproved of the immense nature of the British Empire. It seems that Britain is too powerful for its own good and showing it as an octopus gives the image a negative connotation because it reminds the reader of great beasts taking down ships at sea. The same image is later applied to Standard Oil Company in America. I disapprove of Britain's method of taking land for financial gain at gunpoint. I believe that it is an abuse of power/authority.

This image shows Germany's Bismark cutting up the "cake" of Africa. This was probably made after the Berlin Conference as the cartoonist saw problems with the agreements between European powers on how to divide up Africa. My personal standpoint is that this conference had no authority to speak about how to split up Africa. The land in Africa wasn't theirs to begin with yet the discuss who will get what? That is completely absurd.







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3.) This image depicts America in the form of an Eagle tearing into South America. The owner of the blog said,

 "US imperialism, which has been plundering the poor countries across the world, suppressing the oppressed nationalities, pushing the notorious thugs and dictators into the power, bullying those countries who wouldn’t cooperate, looting oil, minerals and all other natural wealth and sources and for this going to any extent, is the no. 1 enemy of world people"
http://kasamaproject.org/category/communist-politics/naxalite/

I think that many of the policies of the United States effect other countries far too much. In Iraq we have bombed civilians and imposed our own form of life unto its people, yet we still view ourselves as some sort of glorious democratic liberators. We need to step up and stop worrying solely for our own concerns in natural resources and actually start helping people in need. Actually using our gains to fund the domestic problems, such as poverty, that still curse our nation.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 4.) I believe that the United States has undoubtedly been Imperialistic in its past, and I believe that the same motives for Imperialism exist within politician's minds to this day.

Pros

• Matthew Perry forced Japan to open its trade ports to Americans through the system of gunboat diplomacy.
• American Exceptionalism was a strong force in America to justify expansion starting with President James K Polk.
• The United States used the explosion of the Maine as a means to use force in Cuba.

Cons

• Yellow journalism/ propaganda made Americans act on the false belief that Cubans had sunk the Maine
• The United States says that it acts to "enlighten" other countries and improve their standard of living.
• Not all countries believe that the influence of the United States is bad.

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5.)2 US events during this time period.

-The United States at this time forced its way into acquiring the Panama Canal and finishing its completion from the Panamanian government, but the treaty that was signed for the United States to gain the land was actually signed by a French citizen serving as ambassador from Panama. This would later cause problems as the United States claim to the land came into question. The Panama Canal greatly increased the ability of the Navy to travel from ocean to ocean in a short time, which becomes a key factor in WWII. The Panama canal also becomes a major shipping lane and profits go to the United States rather than Panama. This is similar to European investments in other countries, such as China for increased power.

- The United States at this time took control of the Philippines with the Treaty of Paris after defeating the Spanish. This treaty was not recognized by the Philippine revolutionaries who then declared war against the United States on June 2, 1899. This is paralleled by other European powers exerting their influence on different countries as shown in the picture as well. The United States and other countries were known to use the third world for their own benefit thereby increasing the "lopsided world."








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6.) One key uprising was in India in 1857. This was of course the Sepoy Rebellion. Sepoys were Indian soldiers employed by the British. They were trained with British weapons along traditional European lines. The Sepoys became morally offended by new British cartridges that used pig and or cow fat. Since most Sepoys were either Hindu (offended by use of cow fat) or Muslim (offended by pig fat) tensions between Sepoys and the British increased rapidly. Their uprising was short-lived though as British forces crushed the rebellion quite handily. This rebellion became the first major act against British dominance and it would be the first step towards an independent India.
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7.)1969- Muammar Gaddafi becomes the de-facto ruler of Libya after he leads a military coup against King Idris I.

1969- Gaddafi abolishes the Libyan Constitution of 1951 and adopts laws based on his on ideologies which are outlined in his manifesto The Green Book.

1977- Gaddafi officially steps down from power claiming only to be a “symbolic figurehead.” This is only a ploy, as under his lead, the government is carefully manipulated to ensure Gaddafi's dominance.

2011

January 13-16 - Protestors upset at delays in the building of housing units and over political corruption begin the first protests in Libya most urging for greater freedoms in Libya.

February 26-28 The UN security council imposes sanctions on Gaddafi and his family and EU governments approve of the sanctions against Gaddafi and his closest advisors.

March 5 - The rebel National Transitional Council in Benghazi declares that it is the only legitimate representative of Libya.

March 17-19-The UN security council authorizes a no-fly zone over Libya and military action in order to protect civilians against Gaddafi's army. The first airstrikes begin in Libya.

September 20-Barack Obama urges the last of Gaddafi's loyalist forces to surrender. Gaddafi taunts Nato in a speech broadcast by the Syrian-based Arrai television station.

October 20- NTC fighters capture and kill Gaddafi in Sirte, which ends a two-month long seige. His body was dragged through the streets after being killed.

October 23-31 - Libya declares the liberation of its country. Gaddafi's body is buried in a secret location. An little known academic, Abdul Raheem al-Keeb is elected as the new interim prime minister.

After October 23- Elections for a constitutional assembly are to take place within eight months and parliamentary and presidential elections to be held within a year after that. 

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8.) The Suez Canal is very important to transportation and the shipment of goods in today's world. The Canal is under the full control of Egypt and it is operated by the Suez Canal Authority currently chaired by Admiral Ahmed Ali Fadel. It is used every day by ships traveling from the Mediterranean to the Red Sea. This canal helps connect the world as the majority of trade is done through the shipment of goods over water.




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9.) 3-2-1

• The main motivation for Imperialism during this time period were financial concerns, but other motivations existed including "the white man's burden" and God.
• Imperialistic notions still exist in today's society and thought structure.
• The Suez Canal is controlled solely by Egypt.

• Europeans saw it as their duty to take over "lesser" unindustrialized nations.
• Political Cartoonists saw the injustice of the Imperialist system when it was around, which humanizes many Europeans in my eyes.

• Why were wages stagnating in the third world during this time period even with foreign intervention?

Chapter 22


1.) Chapter 22 focuses on the dual revolution of politics paired with industrial progress. Strong conservative forces after the French Revolution meet in the Congress of Vienna where one key figure emerges from Austria, Klemens von Metternich. Although peace is maintained in the years 1815-1850, political strife (coming from the main forces liberalism, nationalism and socialism) is mounting within most European countries creating great tension.

Chapter Objective: Understand the political forces at work during this time period and relate them to the types of legislation and movements made during the period.

Essential Question: What were the three main forces behind political strife during this time period? Give a explanation of all three.

Liberalism- The principal ideas of this movement were equality and liberty; liberals demanded representative government and equality before the law as well as individual freedoms such as freedom of press, freedom of speech, freedom of assembly, and freedom of arbitrary arrest. Although liberalism focused mainly on the interests of just the middle class, the idea still spread and would come to threaten the status quo.

Nationalism- The idea that each people had its own genius and its own specific unity, which manifested itself especially in a common language and history, and often led to the desire for an independent political state. Nationalism’s significance lies in its effect on all peoples. The belief in a cultural identity captures all peoples and differences between nations leads to the classic “we-them” mentality which causes conflict, but also encourages growth within any particular nation.

Socialism- A backlash against the emergence of individualism and the fragmentation of society, and a move toward cooperation and a sense of community; the key ideas were economic planning, greater economic equality, and state regulation of property. Socialism has had an effect on the working class since its beginning, forcing workers to view their struggle in terms of a broken class system which brought many workers to unite and lash out at established governments.
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2.) J. M. W. Turner- Joseph Turner was an English landscape watercolorist during this time period. The Romantic movement affected his style largely by making him look at the power of nature. He is responsible for inventing a new watercolor technique which by one  pours slightly diluted color on to an area and then merges it into other colors. The traditional mix uses red, yellow, and blue to achieve a striking effect of light in darkness. He is significant because his paintings reflect the romantic movement of the time period through emotion carried through a natural scene.


<- Joseph Turner

                                Sir Walter Scott                  

Sir Walter Scott- Sir Walter Scott was a Scottish historical novelist, playwright, and poet. One of his important quotes talks about the Irish potato famine- 

"The poverty of the Irish peasantry is on the extreme verge of human misery; their cottages would scarce serve for pig styes even in Scotland; and their rags seem the very refuse of a sheep, and are spread over their bodies with such an ingenious variety of wretchedness that you would think nothing but some sort of perverted taste could have assembled so many shreds together."

His work helped illustrate the clear horrid living conditions of the Irish poor during the Irish Potato Famine. His normal works become Scottish classics as well as English literature classics.



Mary Shelley- Mary Shelley was a Romantic period English novelist who is most famous for her work Frankenstein. Her work would become a classic and illustrated the fears of the scientific revolution through the creation of Frankenstein's monster. She is sometimes considered both the founder of the "spooky horror scene" and the literary genre of science fiction. She is remembered as an excellent female writer during a time  when most women were looked down upon, although Enlightenment thoughts changed that to some degree.


<- Mary Shelley              




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3.) 1854- Henry David Thoreau publishes his most famous work Walden. It centers on Thoreau's experiences over the course of two years in a cabin he built near Walden Pond. This piece comes to define a lifestyle often enjoyed where a person finds comfort through nature. This is characteristic of the Romantic movement in Europe at this time because a great sense of peace is seen through Nature to an extent that rationalism can not account for. It also promotes that one look through themselves to find deeper meaning in life and also be self-sufficient and live simply. This would be the direction of a strand of Romantic thought during the time that is termed Transcendentalism that emerged in America in the 19th century. It was mainly limited to America as it was a nation built upon the woods.




The period in America known as the Age of Jackson lasted from 1829 to 1837. Andrew Jackson was the first modern Democratic president of the United States. Although he was a rich slaveholder, he had a wide base of support from the common man because he fought against the aristocratic political system of America as he saw it since most of the power of the country laid in the hands of the rich. Some key aspects of his presidency were the expansion of the spoils system, the destruction of the national bank, and the passing of the Indian Removal Act. Jackson was responsible for expanding the powers of the President to enforce national laws against the States. This relates to Europe at the time because there was a great pressure against the conservative aristocracy in most countries though the three forces liberalism, nationalism and socialism. Jackson's support of the common people reflects the efforts of the people to gain rights against the previous power structure.
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4.) Picturing the Past: The watercolor painting by Joseph Turner was characteristic of his style of painting the sea. His work illustrated the power of Nature both in terms of its destructive forces, but also its emotional power. One technique employed uses color pouring where color is dropped and then mixed with other colors to create cleaner transitions in terms of gradients. Specifically in this picture Turner uses blue, yellow and a small amount of red to achieve his effects, such as light in darkness when viewing the lantern on the boat.

Analyzing the Image: How does this picture illustrate the power of nature. How does this picture portray the power of man?

Connections: Where can this style be viewed in modern art? How is the power of nature portrayed in movies?
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5.) 3-2-1

-There were three main forces behind political tension during this time and these were liberalism, nationalism and socialism.
-Klemens von Metternich defense of the status quo made him an enemy to the eyes of many progressives, but his thoughts can be understood better through his pessimistic view of human nature.

-The Great Irish Potato Famine ravaged the Irish population and made many emigrate the country.

-Peace during this time was maintained by the Great Powers because they were all conservative and were apt at repressing revolutionary thought.
-Romanticism burst on to the scene as a reactionary period to rationalism starting a new view that Nature possessed an inherent beauty that was past what can be rationalized.

-How will Germany and Italy both form a solid nation after this period?